The object of research in the presented work is the influence of photogrammetric and internal refractions on the definition of linear elements of external orientation. At the conclusion of photogrammetry formulas it is supposed that the light beam is a straight line from the object to the center of the projection. In fact a beam of light passing through the atmosphere layers of various density is bent. This bend is called refraction. The determination of the elements of internal and external orientation and corrections to the coordinates of the points of the image by control points is based upon a decision of the spatial photogrammetric back-sight. Compared to the rigorous method a simpler method for solving the spatial photogrammetric back-sight is suggested which validity check performed by the modeling method showed its rather high accuracy.

Keywords: photogrammetry, back-sight, spatial photogrammetric back-sight, refraction, elements of internal and external orientation, control points, modeling method

Method for mutual orientation of the aerial views is considered. The method is least of all subject to correlation links between the errors in angular elements, which are caused by inaccurate measurement of rectangular coordinates of stereo pair points. In the basis of the algorithm of mutual orientation there is the term of complanarity: design basis and two designing rays moving via identical point on the left and right pictures. The given sections are fixed by four points, namely S1, S2 (points of photography), a1 and a2 (the points on the left and right pictures of stereo pair). An accurate equation for mutual orientation with angular elements ν (inclination of design basis regarding to the planes XY photogrammetry coordinate system), ω1, χ1 (the angles of the left picture), α2, χ2 (of the right picture). Photogrammetry system of spatial coordinates in the space of which picture orientation is conducted is chosen so that τ = α1 = ω2 = 0.

Keywords: Key words: photogrammetry, complanary conditions, optimum combination of the elements of mutual orientation, correlation links.

Relative orientation of the aerial views is the fundamental task of the photogrammetry. The final results depends on the accuracy and reliability of its solving, characterizing the spatial position of the photographed object (area).
Two groups of the elements of the relative orientation found their industrial application in our country (then ERO). However they don’t use up all the possible combinations of the corner pieces res ipsa loquitur and also between the photogrammes. Moreover it is known that in both systems of the relative orientation of the aerial views (base and linear-angular) visible correlation of the mistakes of the ERO are found, which leads to the additional of the route trough model within the coordinate space XY and XZ.
One of the possible alternative variants of the application within the group ERO of another corner piece is examined in this article. Five elements of the relative orientation of the aerial views are presented on the left view of the stereo mate as two angles: transverse inclination angle ω1 and longitudinal slope α1, and two angles (α1 and χ2) on the right and the azimuth of the direction of the basis of the design τ. Such a diviosn of the ERO has reduced much the correlation between the mistakes of the angle elements. However other variants are possible (e.g., τ, υ, χ1, α2 and ω2).
To calculate the photogrammetry co-ordinates of the general formula of the straight photogrammetry mark is proposed, which can be used both for the aerial shots in any direction and for the shooting from the points of the earth surface.
Relative orientation of the aerial views is the fundamental task of the photogrammetry. The final results depends on the accuracy and reliability of its solving, characterizing the spatial position of the photographed object (area).
Two groups of the elements of the relative orientation found their industrial application in our country (then ERO). However they don’t use up all the possible combinations of the corner pieces res ipsa loquitur and also between the photogrammes. Moreover it is known that in both systems of the relative orientation of the aerial views (base and linear-angular) visible correlation of the mistakes of the ERO are found, which leads to the additional of the route trough model within the coordinate space XY and XZ.
One of the possible alternative variants of the application within the group ERO of another corner piece is examined in this article. Five elements of the relative orientation of the aerial views are presented on the left view of the stereo mate as two angles: transverse inclination angle ω1 and longitudinal slope α1, and two angles (α1 and χ2) on the right and the azimuth of the direction of the basis of the design τ. Such a diviosn of the ERO has reduced much the correlation between the mistakes of the angle elements. However other variants are possible (e.g., τ, ν, χ1, α2 and ω2).
To calculate the photogrammetry co-ordinates of the general formula of the straight photogrammetry mark is proposed, which can be used both for the aerial shots in any direction and for the shooting from the points of the earth surface.  

Keywords: Key words: photogrammetry, elements of the relative orientation, complanarity, alternative group of the elements, straight photogrammetry march, photogrammetry co-ordinates.

Photometric principles of measurements have found a wide recognition and a wide application in different fields of human activity. It is stipulated by the introduction of photogrammetric works of new technology for obtaining primary information about the locality. At present for obtaining high quality and highly exact airophotographic data digital wide format photographic cameras are used and photogrammetric processing of digital pictures is carried out at special digital photogrammetric work stations.
A great importance is attached to photogrammetric methods during the monitoring of lands for information providing of state realty cadastre. At present land state monitoring is a modern technical trend to provide this cadastre with the necessary graphic and digital documents.
Photographing of small territories (dacha settlements, agricultural buildings etc.), when the scale of airophotography is ten or more times less than the scale of map-making, is quite possible because the object can be photographed on two pictures that is to be located on one stereo pair. This article is devoted to photogrammetric processing of a single stereo pair. At this space facilities for positioning (GLONASS, GPS) secure the coordinates and altitudes of points of photographic. When space signals are properly synchronized with the work of the photograph camera shutter and careful determination of the elements of adjustment of space antenna to the relative centre of projection (s) of camera is carried out the coordinates of projection centres can be used as supporting geodetic points.
Point realization of the above-mentioned terms allows to decrease the number of supporting points necessary for outside orientation of model to one. It should be located at the end of stereo pair opposite its middle. While designing redundant supporting points (for control and improvement of exactness) they should be located in the corners of stereo pair.  

Keywords: photogrammetry, stereo pair, single model, conditions of complanarity and collinearity, elements of orientation, points for photographing, GLONASS, GPS, theory, algorithm.